In 1948, prolific civil rights leader and educator Septima Poinsette Clark purchased the two-and-one-half story Charleston single house once located at 17 Henrietta Street in the Mazyck-Wraggborough neighborhood.[1]Constructed in the 1880s on the south side of the street, the house featured an engaged piazza set beneath a gable roof, and an enclosed pediment with decorative trim. Although Clark was born at 105 Wentworth Street and lived at 26 Henrietta Street as a child, she asserted that, “Henrietta Street and number 17 will always be where I call home.”[2] The Septima Poinsette Clark House was demolished in the latter half of the 20th century for surface parking along with many other historic houses on Henrietta street, including Clark’s childhood home.[3] Today just three 19th century single houses stand on the entire block between Meeting and Elizabeth Streets once densely occupied by more than 30 residences.[4]
Septima Poinsette Clark was born in 1898 to Peter Porcher Poinsette and Victoria Warren Anderson Poinsette at 105 Wentworth Street. Clark’s father was born into slavery near Georgetown, SC, and her mother was born in Charleston in 1870 but formally educated in Haiti.[5] In segregated Charleston, Clark’s family placed a strong emphasis on education for their children. As a result, Clark graduated from the Avery Normal Institute in 1916 and began her impactful career in education. At the time of her graduation, Charleston County did not hire African American educators, prompting Clark to take her first teaching position at the Promise Land School on John’s Island.[6]
Clark soon joined the NAACP and successfully worked on campaigns to secure African American teachers the right to equity in employment opportunities and compensation. A class action lawsuit filed by the NAACP, which Clark participated in, ultimately led to equal pay for black and white teachers in the state of South Carolina.[7]Simultaneously, Clark continued to further her education, earning a BA from Benedict College in 1942, and an MA from the Hampton Institute in 1946. Clark also spent summers conducting social justice workshops at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee, which many national civil rights activists attended, including Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks.[8]
In 1954, the landmark decision handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. However, public school districts across South Carolina refused to desegregate, and in 1956, it became illegal for South Carolina state employees to belong to civil rights organizations. After a nearly 40-year teaching career, Septima P. Clark was fired for refusing to forfeit her membership in the NAACP. Afterwards, she began a full-time position as director of workshops with the Highlander Folk School.[9] The next year, Clark assisted Lowcountry civil rights activist Esau Jenkins in launching the Charleston area’s first Citizenship School, an adult educational program focused on African American political and economic enfranchisement, through the Progressive Club on Johns Island. In the 1960s, Clark served as the director of education and teaching with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference before returning to Charleston in 1970 to live full-time.[10] In retirement, Clark continued her leadership as an activist for the rights of African American women, children, and the elderly until her death in 1987.[11]
Click the images below to explore the Septima P. Clark House gallery.
[1] Clark, Septima Poinsette. Interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 25 1976, Interview G-0016. By Jaquelyn Hall. Southern Oral History Program, July 25, 1975
[2]Septima Poinsette Clark Memorial Plaque, Mazyck-Wraggborough Neighborhood Association and Emanuel A.M.E Church, 17 Henrietta Street, October 6, 1996.
[3] Parcel/Tax ID: 459-17-03-005. Charleston County Government, 17 Henrietta Street Charleston, SC 29403. Deed Book: J098 Page 154, 2020, County of Charleston Public Records, 2020. Online, https://gisccweb.charlestoncounty.org/Public_Search/ (Accessed February 26 2020)
[4] “NO. 27 HENRIETTA ST. – Charleston, SC.” BVL Historic Preservation Research, February 20, 2017. https://www.bvlhistoricpreservationresearch.com/single-post/2017/02/20/NO-27-HENRIETTA-ST—Charleston-SC; Katherine Mellen Charron, “Remembering Individuals, Remembering Communities: Septima P. Clark and Public History in Charleston.” Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Accessed July 31, 2019. http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/septima_clark.
[5] College of Charleston Teaching Fellows. Septima Clark Birthplace, 2018. Plaque. Septima Clark Birthplace, Charleston, South Carolina.
[6] “Remembering Individuals, Remembering Communities: Septima P. Clark and Public History in Charleston.” Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. Accessed July 31, 2019. http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/septima_clark.
[7] https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/clark-septima-poinsette
[8] Clark, Septima Poinsette. Septima P. Clark Papers, circa 1910 – 1990. Avery Research Center at the College of Charleston. Digitalized Archive. https://avery.cofc.edu/archives/Clark_Septima_P.html
[9] Ibid
[10] Biography.com Editors, “Septima Poinsette Clark Biography,” Last modified April 15, 2019. https://www.biography.com/activist/septima-poinsette-clark.
[11] Mellen Charron, “Remembering Individuals, Remembering Communities;” “Clark, Septima Poinsette.” The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, April 25, 2017. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/clark-septima-poinsette; “Septima Clark.” SNCC Digital Gateway. Accessed July 31, 2019. https://snccdigital.org/people/septima-clark/.
<!– Today occupied by a small playground, the southwest corner of Beaufain and Wilson Streets was once the site of the first church building to house Calvary Episcopal Church, the oldest African American Episcopal congregation in Charleston.[1] Calvary Church, now located at 106 Line Street, was established in 1847 by the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina for the religious instruction of free and enslaved African Americans in Charleston, separate from white parishioners. For nearly a century, Calvary’s original church building served as an important spiritual center for much of Charleston’s Black community. However, in 1961, Calvary Church was demolished as a result of redevelopment pressure that disproportionately impacted historically Black neighborhoods and institutions in Charleston during the mid-20th century.
Constructed in the Early Classical Revival Style in 1849, the design of Calvary Church represented a combination of Greek and Roman influences.[2] Built of brick with a white stucco finish, the one-story church building accommodated up to 400 people.[3] The front façade featured a broad entablature and pediment over a paneled door with an elliptical fanlight flanked on each side by Tuscan pilasters and semicircular niches. Full-height, triple-hung windows spanned the east and west facades, with a semicircular apse located at the rear. [4]
The congregation faced one of its earliest, and most severe trials before the construction of the church was complete. On July 13, 1849, a riot began at the Charleston Work House, a notorious penal institution utilized primarily for the punishment of enslaved people, located less than one block away from Calvary. Led by an enslaved man named Nicholas, approximately 37 prisoners temporarily escaped the Work House, inciting the panic and anger of the white community.[5] The day following the riot, a mob of white Charlestonians assembled in an attempt to destroy the church in retaliation; while the Calvary Church congregation was closely surveilled by an all-white clergy, many in the community viewed the founding of Calvary Church as a dangerous and unprecedented allowance of Black independence, and sought its destruction.[6] Notably, violence was quelled by prominent local attorney James L. Petigru, known for openly representing free people of color, who convinced the mob not to destroy the church.[7]
On December 23, 1849, Calvary Church was consecrated by Rev. Christopher Gadsden, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of SC.[8] By the end of the following decade, Calvary had one of the largest Sunday School programs in the city, and eventually claimed the membership of some of Charleston’s most prominent African American citizens, like Justice Jonathan Jasper Wright. Calvary’s growth continued into the early 20th century. By 1940, however, neighborhood demographics in the area now known as Harleston Village were shifting toward a predominantly white population, resulting in the loss of congregants at Calvary. Simultaneously, the Housing Authority of Charleston began pressuring the congregation to relocate as the newly-constructed, white, housing project, Robert Mills Manor, surrounded the church on all sides.[9] As a result, the congregation ultimately purchased a piece of property at 106 Line Street as the new location for the church, where services are still held today. On November 25, 1940, the last service was held at Calvary Church on Beaufain Street.[10]
Following relocation, old Calvary Church stood vacant for 20 years until the Housing Authority submitted a request for demolition on April 29, 1960. In spite of community opposition to the request, all attempts to save the Church from demolition ultimately failed and after being deemed unsafe, Calvary was razed in August, 1961.[11]
NextGEN Gallery
[1] K. R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church: Extension of Robert Mills Manor Forces Negro Episcopal Congregation to Vacate 90-Year-Old Building,” The Charleston News and Courier, July 22, 1940.
[2] Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile,” n.d., http://www.episcopalchurchsc.org/uploads /1/2/9/8/12989303/calvary_episcopal_church_profile.pdf.; K. R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church.”
[3] “Calvary Church, Charleston, in Beaufain-Street.,” Charleston Gospel Messenger and Protestant Episcopal Register (1842-1853), January 1850.; Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”
[4] Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile,” n.d., http://www.episcopalchurchsc.org/uploads /1/2/9/8/12989303/calvary_episcopal_church_profile.pdf.; K. R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church.”
[5] Bernard E. Powers, Black Charlestonians, 17.
[6] Bernard E. Powers, Black Charlestonians, 17.; Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”; K.R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church.”; Robert F. Durden, “The Establishment of Calvary Protestant Episcopal Church for Negroes in Charleston,” 77.
[7] Bernard E. Powers, Black Charlestonians, 17.; Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”; K.R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church.”; Robert F. Durden, “The Establishment of Calvary Protestant Episcopal Church for Negroes in Charleston,” 77.
[8] Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”
[9] Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”; Edward G. Lilly, ed., Historic Churches of Charleston, South Carolina, 131.; K.R., “Do You Know Your South Carolina: Calvary Church.”; “71 Beaufain Street (Calvary Chapel) – Property File,” Charleston Past Perfect, accessed June 9, 2020, https://charleston.pastperfectonline.com/archive/2A7D91C8-2A24-473F-AB0F-052572729247.
[10] Calvary Episcopal Church, “Calvary Episcopal Church Profile.”; Edward G. Lilly, ed., Historic Churches of Charleston, South Carolina, 131.
[11] Barbara J. Stambaugh, “Calvary Chapel Demolition Ordered by City Officials: Attempts to Preserve Church Fail.”
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